Permanent Summer or Winter Time? 88 European Cities

If the clocks stopped changing: how late the sun would rise in winter with permanent summer time, and how early in summer with standard time – 88 cities.

  • The EU wants to end the clock change – but which time should stay? We calculated sunrise and sunset for every day of 2027 in 88 cities, on three clocks.

All cities compared

  • Oulu (Finland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 11:30 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 113 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 1:18 · Latest sunrise today 10:30
  • Trondheim (Norway): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 11:03 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 108 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 2:02 · Latest sunrise today 10:03
  • Bergen (Norway): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:46 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 113 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:10 · Latest sunrise today 9:46
  • Helsinki (Finland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:25 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 99 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 2:54 · Latest sunrise today 9:25
  • Oslo (Norway): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:20 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 96 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 2:54 · Latest sunrise today 9:20
  • Tallinn (Estonia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:19 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 97 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:03 · Latest sunrise today 9:19
  • A Coruña (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:06 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 133 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:52 · Latest sunrise today 9:06
  • Santiago de Compostela (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:05 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 133 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:55 · Latest sunrise today 9:05
  • Vigo (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:04 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 133 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:58 · Latest sunrise today 9:05
  • Riga (Latvia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 10:02 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 90 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:29 · Latest sunrise today 9:02
  • Aarhus (Denmark): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:52 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 83 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:31 · Latest sunrise today 8:52
  • Amsterdam (Netherlands): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:51 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 91 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:18 · Latest sunrise today 8:51
  • Rotterdam (Netherlands): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:50 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 91 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:22 · Latest sunrise today 8:50
  • Kaunas (Lithuania): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:49 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 84 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:45 · Latest sunrise today 8:49
  • Aberdeen (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:48 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 78 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:12 · Latest sunrise today 8:48
  • Glasgow (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:48 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 80 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:31 · Latest sunrise today 8:48
  • Utrecht (Netherlands): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:48 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 89 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:18 · Latest sunrise today 8:48
  • Antwerp (Belgium): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:47 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 89 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:26 · Latest sunrise today 8:47
  • Brussels (Belgium): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:45 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 88 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:28 · Latest sunrise today 8:45
  • Stockholm (Sweden): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:45 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 69 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 2:31 · Latest sunrise today 8:45
  • Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:44 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 77 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:26 · Latest sunrise today 8:44
  • Paris (France): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:44 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 91 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:46 · Latest sunrise today 8:44
  • Cork (Ireland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:42 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 82 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:14 · Latest sunrise today 8:42
  • Vilnius (Lithuania): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:42 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 77 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:41 · Latest sunrise today 8:42
  • Bordeaux (France): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:40 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 94 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:16 · Latest sunrise today 8:40
  • Dublin (Ireland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:40 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 78 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:56 · Latest sunrise today 8:40
  • Copenhagen (Denmark): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:39 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 71 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:25 · Latest sunrise today 8:39
  • Sevilla (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:39 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 105 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 6:03 · Latest sunrise today 8:46
  • Cadiz (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:38 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 106 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 6:06 · Latest sunrise today 8:46
  • Madrid (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:38 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 99 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:44 · Latest sunrise today 8:42
  • Düsseldorf (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:37 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 78 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:17 · Latest sunrise today 8:37
  • Hamburg (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:37 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 73 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:50 · Latest sunrise today 8:37
  • Malmo (Sweden): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:37 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 69 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:24 · Latest sunrise today 8:37
  • Köln (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:35 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 76 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:18 · Latest sunrise today 8:35
  • Luxembourg (Luxembourg): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:32 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 75 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:28 · Latest sunrise today 8:32
  • Malaga (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:31 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 93 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:58 · Latest sunrise today 8:39
  • Zaragoza (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:31 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 85 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:29 · Latest sunrise today 8:33
  • Liverpool (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:28 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 63 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:43 · Latest sunrise today 8:28
  • Toulouse (France): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:28 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 78 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:12 · Latest sunrise today 8:28
  • Manchester (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:25 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 59 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:39 · Latest sunrise today 8:25
  • Frankfurt am Main (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:24 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 63 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:15 · Latest sunrise today 8:24
  • Lyon (France): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:22 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 65 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:50 · Latest sunrise today 8:22
  • Valencia (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:22 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 73 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:34 · Latest sunrise today 8:27
  • Strasbourg (France): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:21 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 61 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:26 · Latest sunrise today 8:21
  • Barcelona (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:18 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 62 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:17 · Latest sunrise today 8:20
  • Basel (Switzerland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:18 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 56 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:32 · Latest sunrise today 8:18
  • Birmingham (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:18 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 51 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:44 · Latest sunrise today 8:18
  • Geneva (Switzerland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:18 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 58 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:43 · Latest sunrise today 8:18
  • Berlin (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:17 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 50 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:43 · Latest sunrise today 8:17
  • Bern (Switzerland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:16 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 54 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:35 · Latest sunrise today 8:16
  • Bristol (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:16 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 48 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:53 · Latest sunrise today 8:16
  • Stuttgart (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:16 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 52 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:20 · Latest sunrise today 8:16
  • Leipzig (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:15 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 48 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:54 · Latest sunrise today 8:15
  • Zurich (Switzerland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:13 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 48 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:29 · Latest sunrise today 8:13
  • Marseille (France): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:11 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 47 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:58 · Latest sunrise today 8:11
  • Cluj-Napoca (Romania): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:10 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 43 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:31 · Latest sunrise today 8:10
  • Palma (Spain): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:10 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 48 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:21 · Latest sunrise today 8:15
  • Dresden (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:09 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 35 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:50 · Latest sunrise today 8:09
  • Turin (Italy): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:08 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 38 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:42 · Latest sunrise today 8:08
  • Gdansk (Poland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:07 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 28 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:10 · Latest sunrise today 8:07
  • London (United Kingdom): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:06 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 30 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:43 · Latest sunrise today 8:06
  • Munich (Germany): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:04 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 25 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:13 · Latest sunrise today 8:04
  • Milan (Italy): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:03 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 24 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:34 · Latest sunrise today 8:03
  • Poznan (Poland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:03 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 19 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:29 · Latest sunrise today 8:03
  • Prague (Czechia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:01 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 13 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:52 · Latest sunrise today 8:01
  • Porto (Portugal): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 9:00 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 3 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:01 · Latest sunrise today 8:03
  • Sofia (Bulgaria): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:57 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:48 · Latest sunrise today 7:58
  • Wroclaw (Poland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:56 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:36 · Latest sunrise today 7:56
  • Lisbon (Portugal): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:55 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:11 · Latest sunrise today 8:01
  • Bucharest (Romania): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:52 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:31 · Latest sunrise today 7:52
  • Thessaloniki (Greece): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:52 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:57 · Latest sunrise today 7:56
  • Brno (Czechia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:48 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:48 · Latest sunrise today 7:48
  • Vienna (Austria): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:45 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:53 · Latest sunrise today 7:45
  • Warsaw (Poland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:45 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:14 · Latest sunrise today 7:45
  • Graz (Austria): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:44 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:02 · Latest sunrise today 7:44
  • Ljubljana (Slovenia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:44 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:10 · Latest sunrise today 7:44
  • Bialystok (Poland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:42 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:00 · Latest sunrise today 7:42
  • Bratislava (Slovakia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:42 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:51 · Latest sunrise today 7:42
  • Athens (Greece): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:41 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 5:02 · Latest sunrise today 7:48
  • Krakow (Poland): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:39 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:30 · Latest sunrise today 7:39
  • Rome (Italy): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:38 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:34 · Latest sunrise today 7:39
  • Zagreb (Croatia): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:37 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:05 · Latest sunrise today 7:37
  • Budapest (Hungary): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:32 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:46 · Latest sunrise today 7:32
  • Naples (Italy): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:28 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:31 · Latest sunrise today 7:31
  • Palermo (Italy): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:23 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:43 · Latest sunrise today 7:30
  • Debrecen (Hungary): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:21 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 3:35 · Latest sunrise today 7:21
  • Valletta (Malta): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 8:13 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:45 · Latest sunrise today 7:22
  • Nicosia (Cyprus): Latest sunrise, permanent summer time 7:55 · Days with sunrise after 9:00 0 · Earliest sunrise, permanent standard time 4:31 · Latest sunrise today 7:05

Method

  • Sunrise and sunset for every day of 2027 with NOAA's formulas (0.833° for refraction), for the coordinates of the city centre. "Today" is the current rule with the change; standard time is the zone's normal time (e.g. CET) all year, summer time is normal time plus one hour (e.g. CEST) all year.
  • Journalists and bloggers may use the table and figures with the credit "SunnyTracker" and a link to this page.

Questions and answers

  • Will the clock change be abolished? The European Parliament voted for it in 2019, but the member states have not agreed on a common time. Until they do, the clocks keep changing.
  • Which is better, permanent summer or winter time? Permanent summer time brings long evenings but very dark winter mornings – especially in the west of the time zones (Spain, France) and in the north. Permanent standard time follows the sun more closely and is preferred by sleep researchers, but brings very early summer sunrises. The table shows both for every city.
  • Why is Spain affected so much? Geographically Spain lies in the time zone of the UK but has used Central European Time since 1940. That is why the sun already rises late there today – with permanent summer time it would rise an hour later still.

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